Trump’s order on nuclear testing: what we know
President Donald Trump has ignited a firestorm of controversy and confusion with his announcement that the United States will begin nuclear weapons testing.It’s unclear whether he was referring to testing weapons systems — which the United States already does — or actually conducting nuclear explosions, which only US arch-foe North Korea has carried out in the 21st century.Below, AFP examines what Trump has said, the state of current US testing, and what it would take to resume explosive tests.- What Trump said -Trump said in a social media post that he had instructed the Defense Department “to start testing our Nuclear Weapons on an equal basis” with Russia and China.However, neither of those countries are confirmed to have carried out recent explosive testing, and it is the Department of Energy that is responsible for the US nuclear stockpile.The president subsequently told journalists on Air Force One that “they seem to all be doing nuclear testing,” and that “we halted it many years ago but with others doing testing I think it is appropriate we do also.”He offered no details on the nature of the testing he had ordered.- Current US testing -The United States conducted the world’s first nuclear test in July 1945 and used two nuclear weapons against Japan near the end of WWII.It has carried out more than 1,000 explosive nuclear tests in total — most recently in 1992 with a 20-kiloton underground detonation at the Nevada Nuclear Security Site.That year, Congress passed a temporary moratorium on underground nuclear tests unless a foreign state conducted one, which has since occurred. Washington had already agreed not to conduct tests in the atmosphere, outer space and underwater as part of the Limited Test Ban Treaty, which it has been a party to since 1963.The United States has also been a signatory since 1996 to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, which bans all atomic test explosions, but the Senate has yet to ratify it.In the absence of explosive testing, the United States ensures its arsenal’s reliability through the so-called Stockpile Stewardship Program, which includes “a wide range of scientific activities, from modeling and simulation to subcritical nuclear experiments,” according to the US National Nuclear Security Administration.”This program allows us to assess and certify the stockpile with extraordinary confidence,” it says.Washington also periodically tests its nuclear delivery systems such as intercontinental ballistic missiles.The US military launched an unarmed Minuteman III missile earlier this year, with the Space Force saying at the time that the United States had carried out more than 300 similar tests overall.- Resuming explosive testing -The president has the authority to authorize explosive tests, and Washington’s forces have “the capability to resume testing within 24-36 months of a presidential decision to do so,” the US Congressional Research Service says.It notes that a 2012 study found that “the response time for resuming underground explosive testing is driven more by compliance with environmental, health, and safety regulations than by the technical testing requirements or the need to restore equipment and facilities.”Doreen Horschig, a fellow with the Project on Nuclear Issues at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, said the US National Nuclear Security Administration would be able to “get the test site ready within six to 10 months for a very basic underground test.””The timeframe is much longer if you want to test new warheads and new capabilities,” Horschig said.But she also noted that there is likely to be political opposition to a resumption of testing “from both sides of the political camps” in the United States, while “our allies (also) do not see a need for (a) return to testing.”
Au procès en appel du crash du Rio-Paris, Airbus et Air France à la barre
Seize ans après le crash du vol Rio-Paris qui a tué 228 personnes, la compagnie Air France et le constructeur Airbus, relaxés en première instance et jugés en appel pour homicides involontaires, se sont défendus cette semaine de toute responsabilité pénale.Le 1er juin 2009, l’Airbus, parti de Rio de Janeiro pour Paris (vol AF447), s’abîme en pleine nuit dans l’Atlantique, quelques heures après son décollage, entraînant la mort de ses 216 passagers et 12 membres d’équipage. A bord de l’A330 immatriculé F-GZCP se trouvent des passagers de 33 nationalités, parmi lesquels 72 Français et 58 Brésiliens.À mi-chemin des deux mois de procès devant la cour d’appel de Paris pour cet accident aérien, passé à la postérité par la célèbre photo de la dérive tricolore de l’avion flottant au milieu de l’océan Atlantique, l’interrogatoire des représentants des deux sociétés mises en cause a occupé le gros de la semaine d’audience.”Notre objectif, c’est zéro accident. Le moindre accident est un échec pour l’ensemble de notre communauté”, admet Christophe Cail, le représentant d’Airbus au procès, appelé à la barre mercredi et jeudi.La justice reproche au constructeur aéronautique européen d’avoir sous-estimé la gravité des défaillances des sondes anémométriques, dont le givrage en haute altitude est le point de départ de l’accident, et de n’avoir pas pris toutes les dispositions nécessaires pour en informer d’urgence les compagnies aériennes qui en étaient équipées.”Dès qu’on perçoit un risque, on va tout faire pour le corriger. La précaution, c’est de communiquer aux compagnies aériennes. Le principe de précaution que nous prenons est de regarder ce qu’on doit faire à court, moyen et long terme”, déclare le pilote d’essai.Pour sa part, le transporteur Air France est poursuivi pour ne pas avoir mis en œuvre de formation de pilotes adaptée aux situations de givrage des sondes Pitot, qui mesurent à l’extérieur de l’avion la vitesse de l’appareil, ni procédé à une information suffisante des équipages.- “Facteurs humains” -“Nous avions les moyens de faire une formation en haute altitude mais si nous ne l’avons pas fait, c’est que nous pensions, en conscience, qu’elle n’était pas nécessaire au regard des informations qui étaient portées à notre connaissance”, justifie à la barre Pascal Weil, qui a répondu au nom d’Air France aux questions mardi et mercredi.Sous les dorures de la grande chambre solennelle de la cour d’appel, les échanges s’avèrent tendus entre les sociétés jugées et les avocats des plus de 250 parties civiles encore présentes en appel, contre près de 500 en première instance, tous conscients qu’approche l’épilogue de ce marathon judiciaire.”On a le sentiment en vous entendant que le doute n’existe pas”, s’agace face au représentant d’Airbus Me Alain Jakubowicz, avocat de nombreuses parties civiles. “On a eu l’impression de n’avoir eu que des éléments de langage, à quel moment il y a de la sincérité ? À quel moment on sort de la technique pour parler un peu d’humain ?”.En réponse, dans un rare moment de spontanéité dans ce procès aride, le représentant d’Airbus refait le film, décortiquant presque geste par geste, les comportements des pilotes lors des dernières minutes fatales de l’AF447.”Les pilotes avaient la solution. Ils avaient la solution, ils l’ont dit tous les deux. Il faut redescendre, ils l’ont dit. S’ils étaient redescendus, ils seraient là aujourd’hui”, regrette-t-il, estimant que “les facteurs humains ont été prédéterminants” dans la catastrophe.À l’issue du procès en première instance, le tribunal correctionnel de Paris avait relaxé en 2023 sur le plan pénal Airbus et Air France tout en reconnaissant leur responsabilité civile.Il a considéré que si des “imprudences” et “négligences” avaient été commises, “aucun lien de causalité certain” n’avait “pu être démontré” avec l’accident le plus meurtrier de l’histoire des compagnies françaises.L’enjeu de ce procès en appel concerne avant tout la réputation d’Airbus et Air France, qui n’encourent que 225.000 euros d’amende en cas de déclaration de culpabilité.L’audience est prévue jusqu’au 27 novembre.
Saudi chases AI ambitions with homegrown firm pitched to global investors
Powered by its sovereign wealth fund of nearly $1 trillion, Saudi Arabia is backing its new AI firm Humain, entering a highly competitive sector some fear is a bubble ready to burst.The company, launched in May, is bankrolled by Saudi’s powerful Public Investment Fund, which has played a key role in financing the kingdom’s so-called gigaprojects — major developments aimed at boosting and diversifying its oil-reliant economy. Humain this week signed a number of deals during the Future Investment Initiative conference (FII) in Riyadh, where its CEO doubled down on the stated goal of Saudi Arabia becoming the third-largest provider of AI infrastructure, behind the United States and China.But Riyadh’s ambitions to become a global AI hub face fierce competition from the neighbouring United Arab Emirates, which have invested in AI for years, as well as challenges over acquiring advanced US technology, including powerful chips.”Our ambition is really, really massive,” Humain’s CEO Tareq Amin told delegates at the FII conference.Humain has vowed to offer a wide range of AI services, products and tools, along with a powerful Arabic large language model.In August, the company unveiled its debut Arabic chatbot that boasted of being able to comprehend the language’s myriad dialects while also being mindful of Islamic values. – Deals -On Tuesday, state-backed oil giant Saudi Aramco announced plans to acquire a “significant minority stake” in Humain to scale up operations and “accelerate its growth in the AI sector”, according to a joint press release.Aramco’s President and CEO Amin Nasser gushed over the potential of AI, saying the technology and digitalisation had the ability to double an oil well’s productivity. Humain also signed a $3 billion deal with private equity giant BlackStone’s AirTrunk to build data centres in Saudi Arabia and struck an agreement with US chipmaker Qualcomm.For Robert C. Mogielnicki, a senior resident scholar at the Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington, Humain, like other “nascent” Saudi tech entities, seeks “to assure audiences that the kingdom’s tech ambitions are very real, feasible, and exciting”.”The fast pace of the tech agenda in the neighboring UAE, which is a key regional investment hub, heightens the need to do this,” he added.- ‘Our goal’ -AI-related spending is skyrocketing across the globe, with total investments in 2025 alone expected to reach nearly $1.5 trillion, according to US research firm Gartner.The Gulf’s two largest economies, Saudi Arabia and the UAE, are vying to secure access to US technology.The oil-producing countries have an advantage in the race to build sprawling data centres — offering ample land, abundant energy supplies and ready access to finance along with backing from authorities. But many challenges remain. “The kingdom’s capital means little if it doesn’t have permission from Washington buy the advanced chips needed for its data center ambitions — either for training or operating AI,” Vivek Chilukuri, a senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security, told AFP. Chilukuri added that Saudi is also facing an acute shortage of AI talent and is competing not only with “more established and well-capitalized US firms” but also with the UAE.There are also concerns over the impact of AI, with companies across the globe shedding tens of thousands of jobs, while economic returns remain uncertain. The spending spree has also prompted painful memories of the dotcom bubble of the late 1990s, when vast investments were wiped out.Yet optimism was in no short supply this week in Riyadh. “It’s exciting to be in this region now because there is so much motivation from the very top levels of government to want to be leaders in AI,” said Adam Jackson, the head of Middle East operations with the tech firm CIQ. “We are not in the AI race to compete,” added a female employee from Humain, who spoke to AFP on condition of anonymity because she did not have permission to speak to the press.”We are there to be at the top with the US and China. That’s our goal and vision.”
Stocks diverge as investors digest Trump-Xi talks, earnings
Stock markets wobbled Thursday as traders digested a high-stakes meeting between the US and Chinese presidents, mixed company earnings and uncertainty over further US interest rate cuts.US President Donald Trump described his meeting in South Korea with Chinese counterpart Xi Jinping — their first since 2019, during Trump’s first term — as “amazing”.The two leaders agreed to calm the US-China trade war that has shaken global markets, with Washington cutting some tariffs and Beijing committing to keep supplies of critical rare earths flowing.But the frenzy on stock markets that led to new records in the run-up to the meeting and earnings reports by tech giants faded.Asia markets ended mostly lower, while in Europe both Frankfurt and London ended the day flat after wobbling in afternoon trading. On Wall Street, the Dow rose but the S&P 500 and Nasdaq Composite were both lower in early afternoon trading. “Doubts over the possible returns on investments planned for artificial general intelligence, the Fed’s ‘hawkish’ rate cut and President Trump’s underwhelming trade deal with China have done little to boost sentiment,” said David Morrison, senior market analyst at financial services provider Trade Nation.Big US tech companies were in focus again Thursday, with investors reacting to earnings reports from Alphabet, Meta and Microsoft released after Wall Street closed on Wednesday.Shares in Meta dove around 10 percent after third-quarter profits missed analysts’ expectations.Profits sank 83 percent to $2.7 billion following a roughly $16-billion hit from a one-time accounting shift due to a US fiscal overhaul legislation favoured by President Donald Trump. Microsoft shares shed 2.7 percent and shares in Google-parent Alphabet rose 4.6 percent.Microsoft reported stronger-than-expected quarterly results but questions arose about the pace of AI monetisation.”These latest results highlight the business models of the big technology firms are becoming more capital intensive, as they build out their AI capabilities,” said AJ Bell investment director Russ Mould. He added, however, that if AI fails to deliver revenue streams, “the effect on share prices could be brutal.”However Forex.com analyst Fawad Razaqzada said that “unless there’s a significant negative surprise from the remaining tech giants yet to report, equities could well have further room to climb.”Amazon and Apple report after US markets close on Thursday.Shares in Nvidia gave up 1.6 percent a day after it became the first company to reach a $5 trillion market value. The company reports results of its third quarter, which ended this week, on November 19.Seoul’s stock market got a lift from tech giant Samsung Electronics posting a 32-percent rise in on-year profits for the third quarter, driven by AI-fuelled market demand for memory chips.The European Central Bank held interest rates steady, as expected, as inflation hovers around its target and the eurozone economy holds up. Data on Thursday showed the eurozone economy grew faster than expected in the third quarter of 2025. The Bank of Japan also held interest rates steady on Thursday, sending the yen higher, after the US Federal Reserve delivered a second quarter-point rate cut. Fed chair Jerome Powell’s announcement, however, cast doubt on an additional cut in December, jolting US markets and lifting the value of the dollar on Wednesday.Shares in auto giant Stellantis, whose brands include Jeep, Fiat and Peugeot, sank over eight percent despite rising sales as the group said it expected to incur charges in the second half of the year.- Key figures at around 1630 GMT -New York – Dow: UP 0.5 percent at 47,856.70 pointsNew York – S&P 500: DOWN 0.3 percent at 6,868.95New York – Nasdaq Composite: DOWN 0.8 percent at 23,758.70London – FTSE 100: FLAT at 9,760.06 (close)Paris – CAC 40: DOWN 0.5 percent at 8,157.29 (close)Frankfurt – DAX: FLAT at 24,118.89 (close)Tokyo – Nikkei 225: FLAT at 51,325.61 (close)Hong Kong – Hang Seng Index: DOWN 0.2 percent at 26,282.69 (close)Shanghai – Composite: DOWN 0.7 percent at 3,986.90 (close)Euro/dollar: DOWN at $1.1566 from $1.1595 on WednesdayPound/dollar: DOWN at $1.3146 from $1.3187Dollar/yen: UP at 154.11 yen from 152.82 yenEuro/pound: UP at 87.99 from 87.94 penceBrent North Sea Crude: DOWN less than 0.1 percent at $64.29 per barrelWest Texas Intermediate: UP less than 0.1 percent at $60.53 per barrelburs-rl/rlp
Bobigny: deux policiers en garde à vue et suspendus pour des soupçons de viols au tribunal
Deux policiers ont été placés en garde à vue jeudi et suspendus de leurs fonctions après qu’une jeune femme a dénoncé avoir été violée par ces fonctionnaires dans la nuit de mardi à mercredi au dépôt du tribunal de Bobigny.”S’ils sont avérés, ces agissements sont extraordinairement graves et inacceptables”, a réagi le ministre de l’Intérieur Laurent Nuñez dans une déclaration à l’AFP. “Les deux agents concernés ont été immédiatement suspendus et j’ai demandé que l’on fasse toute la lumière sur ces faits, afin de comprendre comment cela a pu se produire”, a-t-il poursuivi.La jeune femme était au moment des faits qu’elle dénonce “déférée au parquet de Bobigny pour des faits de soustraction par un parent à ses obligations légales compromettant la santé, la sécurité, la moralité ou l’éducation de son enfant”, avait indiqué le procureur Éric Mathais dans un communiqué.Le tribunal de Bobigny est géographiquement compétent mais s’est dessaisi au profit du parquet de Paris, a annoncé dans l’après-midi le ministère public parisien.Mercredi en fin d’après-midi, la jeune femme “a révélé avoir fait l’objet de deux viols durant la nuit du 28 au 29 octobre par deux fonctionnaires du dépôt du tribunal de Bobigny”, avait précisé le chef du parquet de Bobigny.”Les deux fonctionnaires de police visés par la plainte ont été placés (jeudi) matin en garde à vue”, avait-il ajouté, se refusant à livrer davantage de précisions, “les investigations étant en cours”.- “Fermeté totale” -L’IGPN (Inspection générale de la police nationale), la “police des polices”, a été saisie de l’enquête ouverte pour viols par personnes abusant de l’autorité que lui confèrent leurs fonctions.Si l’enquête en cours “conclut que des faits criminels ont été commis, et que l’honneur des policiers a été sali, il va de soi que des sanctions seront prises”, a ajouté M. Nuñez, assurant que sa “fermeté sera totale”.”À la suite de ce signalement, j’ai immédiatement suspendu de leurs fonctions les deux policiers affectés au dépôt du tribunal judiciaire de Bobigny”, a annoncé sur X le préfet de police de Paris, Patrice Faure.Les investigations judiciaires sur la révélation de “faits d’une particulière gravité” devraient permettre de “déterminer l’implication de ces fonctionnaires”, a précisé la préfecture de police (PP).”En parallèle, une enquête administrative a également été initiée” par la PP, a-t-on souligné.Une source proche du dossier a précisé à l’AFP que la jeune femme est âgée de 26 ans. Selon cette source, les deux fonctionnaires placés en garde à vue n’étaient “pas policiers depuis longtemps” et sont âgés de 23 et 35 ans.Selon une deuxième source proche du dossier, les deux fonctionnaires ont d’initiative écrit un rapport administratif pour exposer leurs versions des faits.Le dépôt de Bobigny est l’antichambre d’un des tribunaux les plus importants de France, le deuxième après Paris. Situé au sous-sol du palais de justice, il est réputé perclus de problèmes (d’organisation, d’effectifs, de vétusté, etc.) mais doit bénéficier des prochains travaux d’extension du palais de justice, qui prévoit l’aménagement d’un nouveau dépôt. Dans un autre département de la région parisienne, la Seine-et-Marne, un policier devrait être jugé au premier semestre 2026 pour viols sur une femme au sein même d’un commissariat. La plaignante est une femme de nationalité angolaise, sans papiers, qui avait dénoncé avoir été violée, à deux reprises, par un gardien de la paix en 2023, au commissariat de Pontault-Combault.Cette dernière affaire avait été révélée par le journal Libération dans une série intitulée #MeToo Police. Selon le quotidien, la femme qui accuse le policier de viols était allée porter plainte pour violences conjugales.
Gaza aid delivery surges since ceasefire, but more NGO access needed: UN
More than 24,000 tons of UN aid has reached Gaza since the start of a ceasefire earlier this month, a UN official said on Thursday while calling for NGOs to be allowed to assist in its distribution.While aid volumes are significantly up compared to the period before the ceasefire, humanitarians still face funding shortfalls, the UN says, as well as issues coordinating with Israeli authorities.”Starting from the ceasefire, we brought over 24,000 metric tonnes of aid through all the crossings, and we have restarted both community- and household-based (aid) distributions,” said the UN Resident Coordinator Office’s deputy special coordinator for the Occupied Palestinian Territories, Ramiz Alakbarov.The World Food Programme’s Middle East regional director Samer AbdelJaber said in 20 days of scale-up following the ceasefire they “have collected about 20,000 metric tons of food inside Gaza.”Gaza is still in the grip of a dire humanitarian crisis following Israel’s devastating offensive on the Palestinian enclave, which has left tens of thousands of people dead and reduced much of its critical infrastructure and housing to rubble.Looting in the coastal strip was also considerably down, Alakbarov added, easing the distribution of aid.”I’m very proud to say that 15 outpatient therapeutical program sites have been made operational, including eight new sites in the north, with a very commendable effort by UNICEF,” Alakbarov said.”The implementation of the 20-point (US peace) plan remains to be the central point and the central condition for us to be able to deliver humanitarian assistance in a holistic manner,” Alakbarov said.He called on Israel to allow NGOs to participate in the delivery of aid in Gaza.”The persisting issue of registration of NGOs remains to be a bottleneck issue. We continue to emphasize the essential role of NGOs and national NGOs, which they play in humanitarian operations in Gaza, and we have escalated this now,” he said.The US military has set up a coordination center in southern Israel to monitor the ceasefire and to coordinate aid and reconstruction, but aid agencies are pushing for greater access for humanitarian convoys inside Gaza.Israel has withdrawn its forces from Gaza’s main cities, but still controls around half of the territory from positions on the Yellow Line, and has resisted calls to allow aid through the Rafah border crossing with Egypt. “The good news is that because of the US brokered ceasefire, we are now getting in a lot more aid than we were able to get in before, we are scaling up as part of our 60-day, life-saving plan,” said UN humanitarian chief Tom Fletcher in a pre-recorded message.”This is real progress, but it’s a drop in the ocean. It’s just a start of what we’re going to need to do,” Fletcher said that only one-third of the $4 billion flash appeal has been funded.






