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The PlayStation has been a colossal consumer hit, but three decades ago, its creator Ken Kutaragi struggled to convince both game-makers and his bosses at Sony that his console would be a winner.”Everyone told us we would fail,” Kutaragi told AFP in a rare interview.With revolutionary 3D graphics and grown-up titles like “Tomb Raider” and “Metal Gear Solid”, the device first hit shelves on December 3, 1994.Before that, Nintendo’s NES console and similar gaming machines were considered “children’s toys”, the 74-year-old Kutaragi said.Popular games like “Super Mario Bros” were two-dimensional, and computer-generated imagery (CGI) was a rarity even in Hollywood.”Most of the executives (at Sony) were fiercely opposed,” fearing for the Japanese giant’s reputation as a producer of high-end electronics, Kutaragi said.Japanese game-makers gave a “frosty response” too, as creating 3D games in real time seemed “unthinkable” at the time.Films with CGI took one or two years to make in those days, with budgets of tens of millions of dollars, he said.But Kutaragi, then a Sony employee, was not deterred.”We wanted to make the most of technological progress to create a new form of entertainment,” the engineer said, his eyes gleaming.His ambition paid off: the console — now in its fifth generation — became a household name. The PlayStation 2 was the world’s top-selling games console with 160 million units sold.- Nintendo drama -Sony and fellow Japanese game giant Nintendo are industry rivals, but more than three decades ago they worked together to make a CD-ROM reader compatible with the Super Nintendo console, which could only take game cartridges.With Nintendo’s permission, Sony was also developing a machine capable of reading both CDs and cartridges, with the working title “Play Station” — the first time the famous name was used.But the pair’s bonhomie ended dramatically.Hours after Sony unveiled its new project at a 1991 Las Vegas trade show, Nintendo, spooked by Sony’s rights over the games, announced it would team up with Dutch firm Philips instead.The episode was seen as a betrayal and humiliation for Sony, and all of these burgeoning projects failed to materialise.”Newspapers said it was bad for us,” Kutaragi said. But “it was inevitable that we and Nintendo would follow our own paths, because our approaches were totally different”.For Nintendo, “video games were toys that had nothing to do with technology,” he said.And without the snub, the PlayStation as we know it “would never have seen the light of day”.- AI predictions -When Sony launched its PlayStation and CD games in Japan in 1994, and in Western countries some months later, Nintendo had a stranglehold on console sales.So Sony used its experience in the music industry to develop a new distribution model, selling the gadgets at electronics stores instead of toy stores and creating new supply chains adapted to local markets.Kutaragi eventually became vice president of Sony but left the conglomerate in 2007 after the launch of the PlayStation 3, which initially struggled commercially.Now the future of the console market is less rosy as “cloud gaming” grows in popularity, something that Kutaragi also predicted — along with mobile gaming years in advance.”I’d often reflect on the future of technology, over 10 or 20 years, to predict new trends,” although “many people found that hard to understand”, he said.The engineer now runs a start-up focused on robotics and artificial intelligence and teaches at a Japanese university.”We are entering a world where everything can be calculated” by a computer with the help of AI, Kutaragi said.For example, generative AI chatbot ChatGPT “exists because language has become computable”, and similar technology is being used in sectors as diverse as medicine, music and visual art.”Imagine if time and space were also computable,” he said.”For the moment, this is a possibility limited to the world of video games,” but “imagine that we could move instantly to any place”, Kutaragi said.”What was once science fiction could become reality.”

President Joe Biden on Thursday warned against damaging relations with Canada and Mexico, after Donald Trump threatened to slap tariffs on both US neighbors when he takes office in January.”I think it’s a counterproductive thing to do,” Biden told reporters when asked about his successor’s plan.”The last thing we need to do is begin to screw up those relationships. I think we got them in a good place,” he said during a visit to a fire department in Nantucket, Massachusetts, where he is spending his last Thanksgiving holiday as president.Trump sent jitters through global markets on Monday when he announced on social media that one of his first presidential actions would be to impose 25-percent tariffs on Mexico and Canada — which share a free trade pact with the United States — and add a 10-percent tariff on China.Pledging that tariffs would only be removed from the US neighbors when illegal immigration and drug trafficking stop, he reaffirmed his intent to use trade as a cudgel against allies and rivals alike.After expressing opposition to Trump’s threats in a letter, Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum spoke by phone with the Republican president-elect on Wednesday.Both leaders described the call positively, though there was disagreement in what had actually been discussed.Trump claimed that Sheinbaum had agreed to “stop migration through Mexico, and into the United States, effectively closing our Southern Border.”The Mexican president quickly pointed out that she had only explained Mexico’s current “comprehensive strategy” on migration.”Thanks to this, migrants and caravans are attended to before they reach the border,” she said on X.”We reiterate that Mexico’s position is not to close borders but to build bridges between government and peoples,” she added.When asked about the dispute at her daily press conference on Thursday, Sheinbaum said: “I can assure you… that we would never — we would not be capable — of proposing that we were going to close the border.”The Mexican government had warned that Trump’s tariffs would be met with retaliation, potentially endangering American jobs, with Sheinbaum’s economy minister saying it would be “a shot in the foot.”Sheinbaum said Thursday that after her talks with Trump, “there is not going to be a potential tariff war.””The important thing was to address the approach he made,” she said, adding that she believed dialogue with Trump would be constructive.Biden on Thursday also talked about the importance of maintaining a working relationship with China.”We’ve set up a hotline between President Xi and myself, as well as our military, a direct line,” Biden said, adding he was “confident” that his Chinese counterpart “doesn’t want to make a mistake.””I’m not saying that he is our best buddy, but he understands what’s at stake.”

Eurozone stock markets rebounded Thursday as France’s political stand-off showed signs of easing, while Chinese equities fell despite reports the United States may be less stringent than feared with its curb on tech equipment to China. Wall Street had ended lower Wednesday as traders booked profits ahead of the Thanksgiving holiday, with US markets closed on Thursday.The profit-taking was spurred by US inflation that edged up, cementing expectations that the Federal Reserve would still cut interest rates in December but make fewer reductions than thought next year. With New York markets quiet, “the focus is on where the dollar will go next, whether or not the stock market rally will broaden out to Europe in 2025, and if global interest rates will continue to fall in the coming months,” said Kathleen Brooks, research director at XTB.In Europe, investors remained focused on France, where the technocratic government of Prime Minister Michel Barnier gave ground to the far right in a bid to have its 2025 budget passed in parliament.Uncertainty over the budget cuts to reduce France’s huge deficit — and the chances for Barnier’s government surviving a no-confidence vote by opposition on both the right and left — have also kept investors wary.Economic weakness in Germany in particular has also dampened enthusiasm in Europe, even as inflation remains above the European Central Bank’s target of two percent. The ECB has “every reason” to cut its benchmark interest rate at its next meeting on December 12, Governing Council member Francois Villeroy de Galhau of France said Thursday.”The European economy is achieving a soft landing, but a take-off is not yet in sight,” he added.”If growth remains weak, then we think there could be further rate cuts to 1.5 percent, as the ECB may have to take an accommodative stance in order to boost the economy,” Brooks said in a research note.European stock markets recovered from the previous day’s losses caused also by concerns that Europe could be the next target for tariffs by US president-elect Donald Trump.ECB chief Christine Lagarde said the European Union must cooperate with Trump to avoid a trade war.”This is a better scenario than a pure retaliation strategy, which can lead to a tit-for-tat process where no one is really a winner,” she said in an interview with The Financial Times.Rising tariff fears have weighed on Asian markets after Trump flagged they would target China and appointed several hawks to his cabinet.Hong Kong and Shanghai retreated as Bloomberg reported that Washington was considering escalating its crackdown on tech supplies to China by putting fresh sanctions on sales of semiconductor equipment and AI chips to the country. Oil prices retreated from early gains as the OPEC+ alliance postponed a weekend meeting to December 5 in what analysts said were signs of disagreement among the group over plans to increase output.The 22-member OPEC+ group led by Saudi Arabia and Russia was due to decide on its 2025 output policy at a ministerial meeting originally scheduled for Sunday.In the crypto sphere, bitcoin was hovering around $95,100, having bounced back from just below $90,300 earlier in the week following its worst run since Trump’s electoral success.Still, it is widely tipped to top $100,000 on expectations the new president will ease restrictions on the digital currency market.- Key figures around 1645 GMT -London – FTSE 100: UP 0.1 percent at 8,281.22 (close)Paris – CAC 40: UP 0.5 percent at 7,179.25 (close)Frankfurt – DAX: UP 0.9 percent at 19,425.73 (close)Tokyo – Nikkei 225: UP 0.6 percent at 38,349.06 (close)Hong Kong – Hang Seng Index: DOWN 1.2 percent at 19,366.96 (close)Shanghai – Composite: DOWN 0.4 percent at 3,295.70 (close)New York – ClosedEuro/dollar: DOWN at $1.0552 from $1.0565 on WednesdayPound/dollar: UP at $1.2687 from $1.2678Dollar/yen: UP at 151.51 yen from 151.17 yenEuro/pound: FLAT at 83.18 pence Brent North Sea Crude: FLAT at $72.30 per barrelWest Texas Intermediate: DOWN 0.01 percent at $68.64 per barrel

Hundreds of employees of French cognac maker Hennessy on Thursday staged a protest over potential measures to circumvent Chinese tariffs imposed in a spat with the European Union.Staff in the town of Cognac in southwestern France, from which the iconic brandy takes its name, earlier this month went on strike to protest a plan to export the drink in vats, rather than bottles.Bottles will be subject to additional taxes estimated at 35 percent from China, Cognac’s second-largest export market after the United States.Hennessy management announced Monday that they would put the plan on ice and the strike had come to an end. But concern remains strong that Hennessy, part of the LVMH luxury group, and other leading brands will bow to pressure and export their brandies in bulk for bottling in China. “This idea of relocating bottling is opening a Pandora’s box that could be disastrous,” said Tommy Dupuis, who has worked in the Hennessy factory for 13 years.The protesters are demanding in particular an extension of France’s controlled designation of origin (AOC) labelling system — which aims to protect locally produced products — to include rules protecting local bottling, along the lines of the fizzy drink champagne. “Today, the AOC does not protect local bottling, this needs to change,” said Matthieu Devers of the CGT union, urging support from the BNIC association of cognac producers.”If the BNIC makes this decision, we will be able to protect our AOC from A to Z,” said Dupuis.”Cognac is here and it must stay here,” said Gladys Decou, an employee on the bottling line.Others fear disastrous economic consequences for the region. “If the production lines are moved, I will lose my job, the others too, and Cognac will become a ghost town. We must not let this happen,” said Alex Barbin, a driver at Hennessy for 15 years.Since October 11, China has required importers of European brandies — of which cognac represents 95 percent of the total — to submit a deposit or a bank guarantee letter with Chinese customs authorities.The measure is part of what Beijing describes as an anti-dumping investigation. But the move is widely seen as retaliation for the EU imposition of tariffs on electric cars imported from China.Under the plan, materials including glassware, labels, corks and boxes would be shipped to China, where brandy would then be bottled. Hennessy had said it was “suspending” — but not cancelling — the plan to follow the “evolution of the political and diplomatic situation”, with Prime Minister Michel Barnier announcing plans to visit China. The cognac industry, which is heavily dependent on exports, also fears it will be targeted in the United States, its biggest market, following the election of Donald Trump, who plans to step up customs duties across the board.

The OPEC+ alliance of major oil-producing nations has postponed a weekend meeting to December 5 in what analysts said were signs of disagreement among the group over plans to increase output.The 22-member OPEC+ group led by Saudi Arabia and Russia was due to decide on its 2025 output policy at a ministerial meeting originally scheduled for Sunday.But the Vienna-based Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) said in a statement Thursday that the meeting was “rescheduled” to December 5 “as several Ministers will be attending the 45th Gulf Summit in Kuwait City”.An OPEC spokesman told AFP that the December meeting will be held online.In a bid to boost crude prices, eight OPEC+ members announced earlier this month they were extending supply cuts until the end of December.In recent days, oil prices had won support from the prospect that key OPEC+ members would delay a pick-up in production, which was due to begin in January.Rystad Energy analyst Jorge Leon raised doubts that the meeting’s postponement was due to a scheduling conflict with the Gulf Summit.”The dates were set a long time ago, so it’s not that they realised three days ago that there is a clash,” Leon said.”What it might be hinting is that the group needs a little bit more time to decide what to do next,” he told AFP.There “seem to be divergent view, and the delaying might help align them before the meeting”.The eight nations that have extended production cuts are Saudi Arabia and Russia, as well as Algeria, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Oman and the United Arab Emirates.They have been delaying production increases amid concerns over slowing demand, which has weighed on oil prices in recent months.Analysts say that if OPEC nations maintain their output cuts, their market share could fall as non-OPEC nations continue to produce more. And if the group raises production, prices will drop.”The oil market in 2025 has no room for additional OPEC+ barrels,” said analysts at DNB, Norway’s largest bank.

Hong Kong started flight operations on its third runway on Thursday, with officials saying it will keep the city’s airport competitive as an aviation hub despite its lagging post-pandemic recovery. Hong Kong International Airport is still among the busiest airports in the world, but flights are not yet back to pre-Covid levels and it has fallen behind regional rivals like Singapore and South Korea in passenger traffic.Speaking at a ceremony near the tarmac, Hong Kong leader John Lee said the airport’s “capacity will be significantly increased” by the new runway.It will enable the airport to handle 120 million passengers and 10 million tonnes of cargo annually by 2035, authorities say.Eight years after construction began on the third runway, guests at the commissioning ceremony watched a plane take off into a clear blue sky.The project that cost HK$142 billion ($18 billion) drew controversy for its environmental impact, as well as attracting headlines for labour disputes and a corruption case involving subcontractors.Observers have questioned whether the boosted capacity can be taken full advantage of, with visitor arrivals still below pre-pandemic levels.Hong Kong carrier Cathay Pacific said this week that it will reach 100 percent of pre-pandemic flights in January. Lee said Thursday that the upgraded airport will help Hong Kong improve ties to surrounding Chinese cities, as part of Beijing’s development blueprint for the region.It will take until the end of 2025 for some of the expanded passenger buildings associated with the third runway to enter service.

Equity markets diverged Thursday as investors brushed off a negative lead from Wall Street while welcoming a drop in Treasury yields and data showing US inflation was holding steady.With the United States heading into the Thanksgiving holiday, business in New York was subdued after a flurry of activity since Donald Trump’s election win at the start of the month.That has allowed Asian traders to take a breather and digest recent developments as the president-elect builds a hawkish cabinet that looks set to renew his hardball approach to world trade, having already flagged tariffs against China, Canada and Mexico.Data out of Washington on Wednesday showed the personal consumption expenditures index — the Federal Reserve’s preferred gauge of inflation — edged up to 2.3 percent on-year in October.The figure was up from 2.1 percent the previous month and in line with forecasts, while slightly above the Federal Reserve’s long-term two percent target for price rises.While the Fed appears to be getting a handle on inflation and the labour market is softening, investors have started to scale back their bets on how many rate cuts the central bank will make as they try to assess the impact of Trump’s plans to cut taxes and impose tariffs.Futures markets currently place the odds at about two-thirds that officials will lower rates again in December by 25 basis points.Still, all three main Wall Street indexes ended in the red, with the Dow and S&P 500 pulling back from record highs as investors shifted to the sidelines ahead of the festive break.Treasury yields slipped, weighing on the dollar Wednesday, though the greenback strengthened slightly in Asian trade.Equity markets were mixed, with Tokyo, Sydney and Singapore all up, while Seoul also edged up after a second successive interest rate cut by South Korea’s central bank.Wellington, Taipei, Manila, Bangkok, Mumbai and Jakarta took a leg down. London, Paris and Frankfurt opened on the front foot.Hong Kong and Shanghai retreated as Bloomberg reported that Washington was considering ramping up its crackdown on tech supplies to China by putting fresh sanctions on sales of semiconductor equipment and AI chips to the country. Dealers were also eyeing Beijing, amid speculation authorities will announce fresh stimulus measures at a key meeting expected next month.However, analysts pointed out that hopes ahead of previous gatherings have largely been dashed by measures that fell short.”China’s economy remains unbalanced as a solid export base for goods production is offset by the continued weakness of the property market and weak consumer spending,” Steven Cochrane, chief Asia Pacific economist at Moody’s Analytics, said.He added that “consumer confidence remains shattered, particularly regarding expectations for the labour market”.While Beijing has introduced a raft of policies to boost growth — including interest rate cuts and measures to support the property sector — Cochrane said that “most issues weighing on the economy have not yet been resolved”.And he warned: “The risks are rising for China as the incoming Trump administration threatens to impose tariffs.”In the crypto sphere, bitcoin was hovering around $96,500, having bounced back from just below $90,300 earlier in the week following its worst run since Trump’s electoral success.Still, it is widely tipped to top $100,000 on hopes the new president will try to ease restrictions on the digital currency market.- Key figures around 0810 GMT -Tokyo – Nikkei 225: UP 0.6 percent at 38,349.06 (close)Hong Kong – Hang Seng Index: DOWN 1.2 percent at 19,366.96 (close)Shanghai – Composite: DOWN 0.4 percent at 3,295.70 (close)London – FTSE 100: UP 0.2 percent at 8,290.76Euro/dollar: DOWN at $1.0535 from $1.0565 on WednesdayPound/dollar: DOWN at $1.2649 from $1.2678Dollar/yen: UP at 151.82 yen from 151.17 yenEuro/pound: DOWN at 83.28 pence from 83.33 penceWest Texas Intermediate: DOWN 0.4 percent at $68.48 per barrelBrent North Sea Crude: DOWN 0.3 percent at $72.61 per barrelNew York – Dow: DOWN 0.3 percent at 44,722.06 (close)

Ireland-based budget fashion chain Primark has been criticised for its record on workers’ rights and the effect of its low-cost, high-volume model on the environment.But its chief executive Paul Marchant does not agree. “I don’t buy the story that we can’t be ethical buying from Asia,” he told AFP in an interview in Dublin.In the world of low-cost fashion, Primark — a fixture on the high street in the UK, Ireland and beyond — is a one-off.The brand produces its garments in Asia and sells them cheaply in Europe, but ships them by boat rather than by plane, does not sell online, prepares its collections more than a year in advance and does not build up stock.It has been a lucrative formula, with Marchant boasting recently that the retailer had hit the billion-pound ($1.3 billion) profit figure for the first time. Primark, though, still has to bat back critics including environmental campaigners who argue that the brand’s “throwaway” fashion is a drain on resources.Human rights groups meanwhile accuse it of relying on suppliers in countries where workers are afforded little protection. Primark maintains that it trains Indian farmers in regenerative agriculture and that it conducts regular audits of its suppliers to ensure workers and land are not exploited. Nonetheless, its model relies on policing of regulations in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, where its garments are mainly produced.”Providing you have the right partners… and have the right guards and measures and controls in place… I don’t see any reason why you can’t have a very robust ethical supply chain at source,” said Marchant.The company, he added, complies with the International Labour Organization’s code of conduct.- Humble roots -Primark published a report on its supply chain in 2018 but it only covered its own clothing factories, not its partners.It admitted last year that previous partner SMART Myanmar had imposed excessive working time on its staff, and that they were not properly informed of their general leave entitlement.However, it said there was no evidence to back up further claims that staff had limited toilet access and suffered verbal abuse from supervisors. Primark claims to be making efforts to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions but acknowledges that 97.5 percent of its overall carbon footprint comes from the activities of its suppliers. Asked about the sheer volume of clothing his company sells, Marchant is insistent.”We’re not flooding the market with unwanted goods,” he said. “We sell everything that we buy.”He also claimed that his products are less sensitive than other brands to the whims of fashion, with half of its collections consisting of everyday clothing. Primark launched in Ireland in 1969 under the name Penneys and has had only two bosses since: founder Arthur Ryan, then Marchant. But the company, the top-selling budget-fashion flagship in both the UK and Ireland, is no longer a small family business. It is now a thriving subsidiary of the agri-food giant Associated British Foods, and sells its clothes in 17 countries, employing 80,000 people.- Expansion plans -On the back of this success, Primark intends to expand in the United States and Europe (France, Spain, Portugal and Italy), Marchant explained. The brand has also signed with “a franchise partner” to open stores in the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and “potentially” Bahrain and Qatar within “12 to 18 months”, he added. Primark’s direct competitors include Europe’s H&M and Zara, as well as Asian giants Shein and Temu, which follow a similar model of “low, low margins”, he said. The company also achieves economies of scale by purchasing larger volumes than its competitors and does not sell online. Instead, it hopes to lure customers to stores by expanding partnerships with popular brands such as Netflix, Disney and Hello Kitty. Its 453 stores sell clothes and accessories, but also stock decorations and host cafes, eyebrow bars and hairdressers. The idea is that everyone can find something. For instance, parents are tempted by “competitive” prices on children’s clothing while women with special clothing requirements, such as those who are pregnant, who have suffered from breast cancer or who have disabilities, all have collections catering to them. 

Asian markets diverged Thursday as investors brushed off a negative lead from Wall Street while welcoming a drop in Treasury yields and data showing US inflation was holding steady.With the United States heading into the Thanksgiving holiday, business in New York was subdued after a flurry of activity since Donald Trump’s election at the start of the month.That has allowed Asian traders to take a breather and digest recent developments as the president-elect builds a hawkish cabinet that looks set to renew his hardball approach to world trade, having already flagged tariffs against China, Canada and Mexico.Data out of Washington on Wednesday showed the personal consumption expenditures index — the Federal Reserve’s preferred gauge of inflation — edged up to 2.3 percent on-year in OctoberThe figure was up from 2.1 percent the previous month and in line with forecasts, while slightly above the Federal Reserve’s long-term two percent target for price rises.While the Fed appears to be getting a handle on inflation and the labour market is softening, investors have started to scale back their bets on how many rate cuts the central bank will make as they try to assess the impact of Trump’s plans to cut taxes and impose tariffs.Futures markets currently place the odds at about two-thirds that officials will lower rates again in December by 25 basis points.Still, all three main Wall Street indexes ended in the red, with the Dow and S&P 500 pulling back from record highs as investors shifted to the sidelines ahead of the festive break.Treasury yields slipped, weighing on the dollar Wednesday, though the greenback edged back slightly in Asian trade.Equity markets were mixed in early exchanges, with Tokyo, Sydney and Singapore all rising and Wellington, Taipei, Manila and Jakarta taking a leg down. Seoul was flat as investors shrugged at a second successive interest rate cut by South Korea’s central bank.Hong Kong and Shanghai edged down as dealers turned an eye to Beijing amid speculation authorities will announce fresh stimulus measures at a key meeting expected next month.However, analysts pointed out that hopes ahead of previous gatherings have largely been dashed by measures that fell short.”China’s economy remains unbalanced as a solid export base for goods production is offset by the continued weakness of the property market and weak consumer spending,” Steven Cochrane, chief Asia Pacific economist at Moody’s Analytics, said.He added that “consumer confidence remains shattered, particularly regarding expectations for the labour market”.While Beijing has introduced a raft of policies to boost growth — including interest rate cuts and measures to support the property sector — Cochrane said that “most issues weighing on the economy have not yet been resolved”.And he warned: “The risks are rising for China as the incoming Trump administration threatens to impose tariffs.”In the crypto sphere, bitcoin was hovering around $96,500, having bounced back from just below $90,300 earlier in the week following its worst run since Trump’s electoral success.Still, it is widely tipped to top $100,000 on hopes the new president will try to ease restrictions on the digital currency market.- Key figures around 0230 GMT -Tokyo – Nikkei 225: UP 0.4 percent at 38,295.13 (break)Hong Kong – Hang Seng Index: DOWN 1.1 percent at 19,390.65Shanghai – Composite: DOWN 0.1 percent at 3,308.21Euro/dollar: DOWN at $1.0549 from $1.0565 on WednesdayPound/dollar: DOWN at $1.2666 from $1.2678Dollar/yen: UP at 151.71 yen from 151.17 yenEuro/pound: DOWN at 83.28 pence from 83.33 penceWest Texas Intermediate: FLAT at $68.72 per barrelBrent North Sea Crude: FLAT at $72.83 per barrelNew York – Dow: DOWN 0.3 percent at 44,722.06 (close)London – FTSE 100: UP 0.2 percent at 8,274.75 (close)

Donald Trump’s tariff threats have rattled foreign businesses and governments, with many fearing it could signal the opening salvo of an all-out trade war when he returns to the White House next year.The president-elect on Monday placed both allies and rivals on notice, vowing to quickly slap an across-the-board tariff of 25 percent on Canada and Mexico, and add a 10 percent tariff on China.Following through on that threat — or his campaign promise of a 10 percent levy on all US imports — will spark retaliation and have ripple effects across the global economy, analysts say.”Our assumption is that all these other countries, all these other advanced economies, especially in Asia, they will retaliate in kind,” economist Bernard Yaros of Oxford Economics told AFP.US tariffs and retaliation including from Europe and Asia would “depress growth” and trade flows, he said, estimating a cut to global growth of 0.1 to 0.9 percentage points in 2026.Even before tariffs take effect, threats weigh on sentiment and could delay investments and hiring, ING economists Ruben Dewitte and Inga Fechner warned in a note.Trump has long viewed tariffs as a negotiating tool — or an “all-purpose bludgeon” as a recent Wall Street Journal editorial put it.On Monday, Trump said that the tariffs on Mexico and Canada would only be removed when illegal immigration and drug trafficking to the United States are stopped.While seeking to build US leverage, he also risks longer term impacts, with some suggesting he would push countries toward China, Columbia Law School professor Petros Mavroidis said.”What he definitely does is alienate all his allies,” he told AFP.Erin Murphy, senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, said in Trump’s threats “there is no differentiation” regarding countries’ economic development status or affinity with Washington.- Europe pushback -Europe could be particularly impacted, Dewitte and Fechner said, warning that “a looming new trade war could push the eurozone economy from sluggish growth into recession.”EU tariffs on car imports were a particular target of Trump during his campaign.But US reliance on the bloc for strategically important products, mainly in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors, could give the EU some leverage in talks, ING said.”European countries will be less likely to strike any kind of bargain with Trump than Canada or Mexico,” said Peterson Institute for International Economics nonresident senior fellow Gary Hufbauer.He expects the EU could offer to reduce auto tariffs and buy more US agricultural products like soybeans, but it may not be enough for an administration seeking greater market access or rules exemptions.Should the US impose tariffs, the EU will probably retaliate on iconic US goods like iPhones or whiskey, he said.European countries could turn to the World Trade Organization (WTO), though even favorable rulings from the international body may not significantly change US practices.EU chief Ursula von der Leyen has said she will work towards “constructive cooperation” with US authorities.Jovita Neliupsiene, the EU ambassador to the United States, meanwhile said the bloc is ready to respond to new trade frictions.- Avoiding escalation -In Asia, economies like Japan and South Korea could be targeted over metals and auto exports, while Vietnam may also draw US scrutiny over solar panels, Yaros said.The US trade deficit with Vietnam has widened in recent years on a surge in goods imports.Yaros said that countries targeted by Trump’s tariffs, in seeking to avoid escalation, will “retaliate in a way that’s commensurate to the action done by the US, but no greater.”China, based on precedent, might eschew equal retaliation for tools like export controls, he added.Daniel Russel of the Asia Society Policy Institute said both Tokyo and Seoul are very focused on preparing for potential tariffs.He expects partners like South Korea could seek exemptions from blanket US tariffs, for example, by citing its high-tech investments in America.